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1.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 35(3): 337-346, jul.-sep. 2015. graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-765462

RESUMO

Introduction: To date there has been no statistical evaluation of the profiles of immunoglobulin classes and viral replication as variables in the study of HTLV-1 infection and circulation among families in virus-endemic areas of Colombia. Objective: To evaluate the correlation of several immunological and molecular characteristics with the transmission and circulation of HTLV-1 among families in the town of Tumaco. Materials and methods: Plasma levels of HTLV-1 specific immunoglobulin classes IgG, IgM and IgA1, as well as IgG and sIgA in oral fluids, were calculated for 32 members of 10 family groups from Tumaco in which the mother and at least one child were infected with the virus. Levels of the different immunoglobulin classes were correlated with viral RNA circulating in plasma or oral fluids and the proviral burden as detected by RT-PCR. Results: Significant differences were determined between mothers and carrier children for immunoglobulin levels (p=0.037) and proviral burden (p=0.002). The overall estimate of IgG in plasma and sIgA in oral fluids could be correlated with the circulation of free viral RNA in both fluids and high proviral burden, and associated with HAM/TSP mothers. The detection of anti- tax IgG in plasma revealed differences between HAM/TSP mothers and their offspring. Conclusion: The study of immunological and molecular variables permitted the analysis of HTLV-1 circulation among families of Tumaco. The strong correlation between levels of IgM specific for the virus and viral RNA circulating in fluids indirectly confirmed the transmission of HTLV-1 among families.


Introducción. Todavía no hay una evaluación estadística de los perfiles de las clases de inmuno- globulina s y la replicación viral, como variables para estudiar la infección y la circulació n del HTLV-1 en familias de zonas endémicas en Colombia. Objetivo. Evaluar la correlación de varias características inmunológicas y moleculares, con la transmisión y circulación del virus en familias del municipio de Tumaco. Materiales y métodos. Se calcularon los niveles de IgG, IgM e IgA1 en plasma, e IgG y IgA secretoria en fluido oral, de 32 miembros de 10 grupos familiares de Tumaco, en los que la madre y, al menos, un hijo estaban infectados con el virus. La concentración de las diferentes clases de inmunoglobulinas se pudo correlacionar con la circulación de ARN viral libre en plasma y fluido oral, y la carga proviral, según su detección mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción inversa. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los niveles de inmunoglobulinas (p=0,037) y en la carga proviral (p=0,002) entre madres e hijos portadores. La estimación total de IgG en plasma e IgA secretoria en fluido oral, se pudo correlacionar con la circulación de ARN viral libre en ambos fluidos y una alta carga proviral, y se asoció con las madres paraparesia espástica tropical o mielopatía asociada con el HTLV-1. La detección en plasma de IgG anti-Tax reveló diferencias entre ellas y sus hijos. Conclusión. El estudio de las variables inmunológicas y moleculares permitió analizar la circulación del HTLV-1 en familias de Tumaco. La fuerte asociación entre los niveles de IgM específica para el virus y el ARN viral circulante en los fluidos y la carga proviral, confirmó indirectamente la transmisión intrafamiliar del virus.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , RNA Viral/análise , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Anti-HTLV-I/análise , Infecções por HTLV-I/epidemiologia , Saúde da Família , Viremia/imunologia , Viremia/epidemiologia , Viremia/virologia , Aleitamento Materno/efeitos adversos , RNA Viral/sangue , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HTLV-I/sangue , Infecções por HTLV-I/imunologia , Infecções por HTLV-I/transmissão , Infecções por HTLV-I/virologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Estudos Transversais , Provírus/isolamento & purificação , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Doenças Endêmicas , Mães
2.
Biomedica ; 35(3): 337-46, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26849695

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: To date there has been no statistical evaluation of the profiles of immunoglobulin classes and viral replication as variables in the study of HTLV-1 infection and circulation among families in virus-endemic areas of Colombia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation of several immunological and molecular characteristics with the transmission and circulation of HTLV-1 among families in the town of Tumaco. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma levels of HTLV-1 specific immunoglobulin classes IgG, IgM and IgA1, as well as IgG and sIgA in oral fluids, were calculated for 32 members of 10 family groups from Tumaco in which the mother and at least one child were infected with the virus. Levels of the different immunoglobulin classes were correlated with viral RNA circulating in plasma or oral fluids and the proviral burden as detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Significant differences were determined between mothers and carrier children for immunoglobulin levels (p=0.037) and proviral burden (p=0.002). The overall estimate of IgG in plasma and sIgA in oral fluids could be correlated with the circulation of free viral RNA in both fluids and high proviral burden, and associated with HAM/TSP mothers. The detection of anti- tax IgG in plasma revealed differences between HAM/TSP mothers and their offspring. CONCLUSION: The study of immunological and molecular variables permitted the analysis of HTLV-1 circulation among families of Tumaco. The strong correlation between levels of IgM specific for the virus and viral RNA circulating in fluids indirectly confirmed the transmission of HTLV-1 among families.


Assuntos
Saúde da Família , Anticorpos Anti-HTLV-I/análise , Infecções por HTLV-I/epidemiologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/isolamento & purificação , RNA Viral/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , Aleitamento Materno/efeitos adversos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Doenças Endêmicas , Feminino , Anticorpos Anti-HTLV-I/sangue , Infecções por HTLV-I/imunologia , Infecções por HTLV-I/transmissão , Infecções por HTLV-I/virologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/imunologia , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mães , Provírus/isolamento & purificação , RNA Viral/sangue , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Viremia/epidemiologia , Viremia/imunologia , Viremia/virologia , Adulto Jovem
3.
Colomb. med ; 45(4): 154-161, Oct.-Dec. 2014. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-747586

RESUMO

Background: The information of gene expression obtained from databases, have made possible the extraction and analysis of data related with several molecular processes involving not only in brain homeostasis but its disruption in some neuropathologies; principally in Down syndrome and the Alzheimer disease. Objective: To correlate the levels of transcription of 19 genes located in the Down Syndrome Critical Region (DSCR) with their expression in several substructures of normal human brain. Methods: There were obtained expression profiles of 19 DSCR genes in 42 brain substructures, from gene expression values available at the database of the human brain of the Brain Atlas of the Allen Institute for Brain Sciences", (http://human.brain-map.org/). The co-expression patterns of DSCR genes in brain were calculated by using multivariate statistical methods. Results: Highest levels of gene expression were registered at caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and putamen among central areas of cerebral cortex. Increased expression levels of RCAN1 that encode by a protein involved in signal transduction process of the CNS were recorded for PCP4 that participates in the binding to calmodulin and TTC3; a protein that is associated with differentiation of neurons. That previously identified brain structures play a crucial role in the learning process, in different class of memory and in motor skills. Conclusion: The precise regulation of DSCR gene expression is crucial to maintain the brain homeostasis, especially in those areas with high levels of gene expression associated with a remarkable process of learning and cognition.


Introducción: La información de la expresión de genes consignada en bases de datos, ha permitido extraer y analizar información acerca procesos moleculares implicados tanto en la homeostasis cerebral y su alteración en algunas neuropatologías. Objetivos: Correlacionar los niveles de transcripción de 19 genes localizados en la región crítica del cromosoma 21, asociada a Síndrome de Down (DSCR), con la localización cerebral y su coexpresión en diferentes subestructuras del cerebro humano. Métodos: A partir de valores de expresión génica disponibles en la base de datos del proyecto cerebro humano del Atlas del Cerebro del "Allen Institute for Brain Sciences" (http://human.brain-map.org/), se construyeron perfiles de expresión de 19 genes DSCR en 42 subestructuras cerebrales. Además, utilizando métodos estadísticos multivariados se analizaron los patrones de coexpresión de genes DSCR en el cerebro normal. Resultados: En el núcleo caudado, el núcleo accumbens y el putamen además de las Áreas centrales 2, 3 y 4, se determinaron los valores de expresión más elevados para los genes incluidos RCAN1, que codifica para una proteína involucrada en el proceso de transducción de señales de SNC; PCP4 cuya proteína interviene en la unión a la calmodulina y TTC3 una proteína que interviene en la diferenciación de neuronas. Las subestructuras identificadas con una elevada expresión de estos genes, están asociadas con procesos de aprendizaje, en diferentes tipos de memoria y habilidades motoras. Conclusiones: La regulación de la expresión de los genes DSCR es clave para mantener la homeostasis cerebral, especialmente en aquellas áreas de mayor expresión, las cuales están asociadas con procesos sumamente importantes.


Assuntos
Humanos , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Síndrome de Down/genética , Expressão Gênica , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Diferenciação Celular , Bases de Dados Factuais , Homeostase , Análise Multivariada , Neurônios/metabolismo
4.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 45(4): 154-61, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25767303

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The information of gene expression obtained from databases, have made possible the extraction and analysis of data related with several molecular processes involving not only in brain homeostasis but its disruption in some neuropathologies; principally in Down syndrome and the Alzheimer disease. OBJECTIVE: To correlate the levels of transcription of 19 genes located in the Down Syndrome Critical Region (DSCR) with their expression in several substructures of normal human brain. METHODS: There were obtained expression profiles of 19 DSCR genes in 42 brain substructures, from gene expression values available at the database of the human brain of the Brain Atlas of the Allen Institute for Brain Sciences", (http://human.brain-map.org/). The co-expression patterns of DSCR genes in brain were calculated by using multivariate statistical methods. RESULTS: Highest levels of gene expression were registered at caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and putamen among central areas of cerebral cortex. Increased expression levels of RCAN1 that encode by a protein involved in signal transduction process of the CNS were recorded for PCP4 that participates in the binding to calmodulin and TTC3; a protein that is associated with differentiation of neurons. That previously identified brain structures play a crucial role in the learning process, in different class of memory and in motor skills. CONCLUSION: The precise regulation of DSCR gene expression is crucial to maintain the brain homeostasis, especially in those areas with high levels of gene expression associated with a remarkable process of learning and cognition.


INTRODUCCIÓN: La información de la expresión de genes consignada en bases de datos, ha permitido extraer y analizar información acerca procesos moleculares implicados tanto en la homeostasis cerebral y su alteración en algunas neuropatologías. OBJETIVOS: Correlacionar los niveles de transcripción de 19 genes localizados en la región crítica del cromosoma 21, asociada a Síndrome de Down (DSCR), con la localización cerebral y su coexpresión en diferentes subestructuras del cerebro humano. MÉTODOS: A partir de valores de expresión génica disponibles en la base de datos del proyecto cerebro humano del Atlas del Cerebro del "Allen Institute for Brain Sciences" (http://human.brain-map.org/), se construyeron perfiles de expresión de 19 genes DSCR en 42 subestructuras cerebrales. Además, utilizando métodos estadísticos multivariados se analizaron los patrones de coexpresión de genes DSCR en el cerebro normal. RESULTADOS: En el núcleo caudado, el núcleo accumbens y el putamen además de las Áreas centrales 2, 3 y 4, se determinaron los valores de expresión más elevados para los genes incluidos RCAN1, que codifica para una proteína involucrada en el proceso de transducción de señales de SNC; PCP4 cuya proteína interviene en la unión a la calmodulina y TTC3 una proteína que interviene en la diferenciación de neuronas. Las subestructuras identificadas con una elevada expresión de estos genes, están asociadas con procesos de aprendizaje, en diferentes tipos de memoria y habilidades motoras. CONCLUSIONES: La regulación de la expresión de los genes DSCR es clave para mantener la homeostasis cerebral, especialmente en aquellas áreas de mayor expresión, las cuales están asociadas con procesos sumamente importantes.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/fisiologia , Síndrome de Down/genética , Expressão Gênica , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Diferenciação Celular , Bases de Dados Factuais , Homeostase , Humanos , Análise Multivariada , Neurônios/metabolismo
5.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 30(5): 422-430, nov. 2011. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-610068

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el ambiente genómico de las secuencias adyacentes al virus linfotrópico humano de células T tipo 1 (HTLV-1) en pacientes con paraparesia espßstica tropical y mielopatía asociada a la infección con HTLV-1 (PET/MAH) de diferentes regiones de Colombia y del Japón. MÉTODOS: Se enfrentaron 71 clones recombinantes con secuencias del genoma humano adyacentes al 5'-LTR de pacientes con PET/MAH, a las bases de datos del Genome Browser y del Gen-Bank. Se identificaron y analizaron estadísticamente 16 variables genómicas estructurales y composicionales mediante el programa informßtico R, versión 2.8.1, en una ventana de 0,5 Mb. RESULTADOS: El 43,0 por ciento de los provirus se localizaron en los cromosomas del grupo C; 74 por ciento de las secuencias se ubicaron en regiones teloméricas y subteloméricas (P < 0,05). Un anßlisis de conglomerados permitió establecer las relaciones jerßrquicas entre las características genómicas incluidas en el estudio; el anßlisis de componentes principales identificó las componentes que definieron los ambientes genómicos preferidos para la integración proviral en casos de PET/MAH. CONCLUSIONES: El HTLV-1 se integró con mayor frecuencia en regiones de la cromatina ricas en islas de citocina fosfato guanina (CpG), de alta densidad de genes y de repeticiones tipo LINE (elemento disperso largo [long interspersed element]) y transposones de ADN que, en conjunto, conformarían los ambientes genómicos blanco de integración. Este nuevo escenario promoverß cambios sustanciales en el campo de la salud pública y en el manejo epidemiológico de las enfermedades infecciosas, y permitirß desarrollar potentes herramientas para incrementar la eficiencia de la vigilancia epidemiológica.


OBJECTIVE: Characterize the genomic environment of the sequences adjacent to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in different regions of Colombia and Japan. METHODS: A total of 71 recombinant clones with human genome sequences adjacent to 5' LTR in patients with HAM/TSP were compared to the Genome Browser and GenBank databases. Sixteen structural and compositional genome variables were identified, and statistical analysis was conducted in the R computer program, version 2.8.1, in a 0.5 Mb window. RESULTS: A total of 43.0 percent of the proviruses were located in the group C chromosomes; 74 percent of the sequences were located in the telomeric and subtelomeric regions (P < 0.05). A cluster analysis was used to establish the hierarchical relations between the genome characteristics included in the study. The analysis of principal components identified the components that defined the preferred genome environments for proviral integration in cases of HAM/TSP. CONCLUSIONS: HTLV-1 was integrated more often in chromatin regions rich in CpG islands with a high density of genes and LINE type repetitions, and DNA transposons which, overall, would form the genomic environments targeted for integration. This new scenario will promote substantial changes in the field of public health and in epidemiological management of infectious diseases. It will also foster the development of powerful tools for increasing the efficiency of epidemiological surveillance.


Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Genoma Humano , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/genética , Provírus/genética , Sequências Repetidas Terminais/genética , Integração Viral/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos Humanos/genética , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Ilhas de CpG , DNA Recombinante/genética , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/epidemiologia , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/virologia , Retroelementos/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico
6.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 42(1): 310-320, Jan.-Mar. 2011. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-571405

RESUMO

Although the infection of HTLV-1 to cell components of the mouth have been previously reported, there was not until this report, a detailed study to show the characteristics of such infection. From 14 Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/ HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy (HAM/TSP) patients and 11 asymptomatic carrier individuals (AC) coming from HTLV-1 endemic areas of southwest Pacific of Colombia, infected oral mucosa cells were primary cultured during five days. These cell cultures were immunophenotyped by dual color fluorescence cell assortment using different lymphocyte CD markers and also were immunohistochemically processed using a polyclonal anti-keratin antibody. Five days old primary cultures were characterized as oral keratinocytes, whose phenotype was CD3- /CD4-/CD8-/CD19-/CD14-/CD45-/A575-keratin+. From DNA extracted of primary cultures LTR, pol, env and tax HTLV-1 proviral DNA regions were differentially amplified by PCR showing proviral integration. Using poly A+ RNA obtained of these primary cultures, we amplify by RT-PCR cDNA of tax and pol in 57.14 percent (8/14) HAM/TSP patients and 27.28 percent (3/11) AC. Tax and pol poly A+ RNA were expressed only in those sIgA positive subjects. Our results showed that proviral integration and viral gene expression in oral keratinocytes are associated with a HTLV-1 specific local mucosal immune response only in those HTLV-1 infected individuals with detectable levels of sIgA in their oral fluids. Altogether the results gave strong evidence that oral mucosa infection would be parte of the systemic spreading of HTLV-1 infection.


Assuntos
Humanos , Anticorpos Antideltaretrovirus , HIV , Imuno-Histoquímica , Imunofenotipagem , Técnicas In Vitro , Queratinócitos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Vírus da Reticuloendoteliose , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus , Métodos , Pacientes
7.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 30(5): 422-30, 2011 Nov.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22262268

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Characterize the genomic environment of the sequences adjacent to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in different regions of Colombia and Japan. METHODS: A total of 71 recombinant clones with human genome sequences adjacent to 5' LTR in patients with HAM/TSP were compared to the Genome Browser and GenBank databases. Sixteen structural and compositional genome variables were identified, and statistical analysis was conducted in the R computer program, version 2.8.1, in a 0.5 Mb window. RESULTS: A total of 43.0% of the proviruses were located in the group C chromosomes; 74% of the sequences were located in the telomeric and subtelomeric regions (P < 0.05). A cluster analysis was used to establish the hierarchical relations between the genome characteristics included in the study. The analysis of principal components identified the components that defined the preferred genome environments for proviral integration in cases of HAM/TSP. CONCLUSIONS: HTLV-1 was integrated more often in chromatin regions rich in CpG islands with a high density of genes and LINE type repetitions, and DNA transposons which, overall, would form the genomic environments targeted for integration. This new scenario will promote substantial changes in the field of public health and in epidemiological management of infectious diseases. It will also foster the development of powerful tools for increasing the efficiency of epidemiological surveillance.


Assuntos
Genoma Humano , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/genética , Provírus/genética , Sequências Repetidas Terminais/genética , Integração Viral/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos Humanos/genética , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Ilhas de CpG , DNA Recombinante/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/epidemiologia , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/virologia , Retroelementos/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico
8.
Braz J Microbiol ; 42(1): 310-20, 2011 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24031637

RESUMO

Although the infection of HTLV-1 to cell components of the mouth have been previously reported, there was not until this report, a detailed study to show the characteristics of such infection. From 14 Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy (HAM/TSP) patients and 11 asymptomatic carrier individuals (AC) coming from HTLV-1 endemic areas of southwest Pacific of Colombia, infected oral mucosa cells were primary cultured during five days. These cell cultures were immunophenotyped by dual color fluorescence cell assortment using different lymphocyte CD markers and also were immunohistochemically processed using a polyclonal anti-keratin antibody. Five days old primary cultures were characterized as oral keratinocytes, whose phenotype was CD3- /CD4-/CD8-/CD19-/CD14-/CD45-/A575-keratin+. From DNA extracted of primary cultures LTR, pol, env and tax HTLV-1 proviral DNA regions were differentially amplified by PCR showing proviral integration. Using poly A+ RNA obtained of these primary cultures, we amplify by RT-PCR cDNA of tax and pol in 57.14% (8/14) HAM/TSP patients and 27.28% (3/11) AC. Tax and pol poly A+ RNA were expressed only in those sIgA positive subjects. Our results showed that proviral integration and viral gene expression in oral keratinocytes are associated with a HTLV-1 specific local mucosal immune response only in those HTLV-1 infected individuals with detectable levels of sIgA in their oral fluids. Altogether the results gave strong evidence that oral mucosa infection would be parte of the systemic spreading of HTLV-1 infection.

10.
Infectio ; 14(1): 20-30, mar. 2010. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-560937

RESUMO

Introducción: La mayor parte del genoma celular es accesible a la integración retroviral; sin embargo, se propone que este proceso no es aleatorio y es dependiente de cada retrovirus. Objetivos: Identificar y caracterizar las regiones del genoma humano en donde ocurre la integración del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana de tipo 1 (VIH-1) en células mononucleares de sangre periférica, macrófagos y células T de Jurkat infectadas. Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron 300 secuencias de ADN humano obtenidas por el método de ligación mediada por PCR, previamente depositadas en el GenBank. Utilizando el programa BLAST, sólo 264 de ellas se incluyeron en el estudio, pues se pudo obtener información sobre localización cromosómica, genes anotados, secuencias repetidas, número de islas CpG y tiempo medio de replicación, entre otras variables genómicas. Estas secuencias se exportaron a otras bases de datos. Resultados: El 53% (140/264) de las integraciones se registraron en bandas G. El 70,45% de los provirus se localizaron en los genes humanos anotados, mientras que el restante lo hizo en elementos repetidos. En general, la selección del sitio de integración se relacionó con las características locales genómicas y estructurales de la cromatina, entre las que se incluyen secuencias Alu-Sx y L1, densidad génica y de islas CpG, remodelación de la cromatina y tiempo de replicación. Éstas influenciarían la interacción eficiente del complejo de preintegración con los genomas celulares. Conclusión: Se determinó que la integración del VIH-1 en los genomas celulares estudiados estaría condicionada por características diferenciales de la cromatina y por procesos epigenéticos que influirían la selección del sitio blanco de integración.


Introduction: Most of the infected host cell genome is available for retroviral integration; however, it has been proposed that this process does not occur at random and depends upon each type of retrovirus. Objective: The objective is to identify and characterize differences in human genome regions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, macrophages and Jurkat T cells in which integration of HIV-1 occurs. Material and Methods: Three hundred human DNA genome sequences, previously deposited in the GenBank, were selected at random. Using program BLAST, only 264 of them were included in the study because relevant information about chromosomal position, associated genes, repetitive sequences, number of CpG islands and average replication time was available; these sequences were exported to other data bases for analysis. Results: 53% (140/264) of integrations were located on G bands. 70.45% of provirus was located in human genes and the rest was located in repetitive elements. In general the integration site selection was correlated with genomics and structural characteristics of cell chromatin including Alu-Sx and L1 sequences, gene and CpG island densities, remodeling of chromatin, and replication time. All of them would influence the efficient interaction between the pre-integration complex and target cell genomes. Conclusion: It was determined that HIV-1 integration in target cellular genomes would be conditioned by differential characteristics of associated chromatin and by epigenetic processes that would influence the selection of integration sites.


Assuntos
Acantoma , Ativação de Macrófagos , Genômica
11.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 29(2): 218-231, jun. 2009. tab, ilus, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-544521

RESUMO

Introducción. Aunque la integración del virus linfotrópico humano tipo I no es al azar, se desconocen muchos de los detalles de este proceso. Objetivo. Evaluar las características de la cromatina celular adyacente a secuencias provirales en pacientes con leucemia/linfoma de células T en adultos asociada al virus. Materiales y métodos. Se extrajo el ADN de biopsias de siete pacientes colombianos con leucemia/linfoma de células T en adultos y positivos para el virus linfotrópico humano tipo I. Éste se amplificó mediante reacción inversa en cadena de la polimerasa, para determinar el grado de expansión clónica y su composición de nucleótidos. A partir de 61 secuencias de ADN humano adyacentes a provirus, provenientes de pacientes leucémicos colombianos y japoneses, se efectuó un análisis in silico para obtener datos sobre su integración, las características de la cromatina y sus funciones asociadas. Resultados. La expansión de clones celulares fue predominantemente oligoclónica. De las 61 secuencias de ADN adyacente a provirus, se seleccionaron 155 alineamientos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión (homologías≥95%, e-value≤0,05). De éstos, 74,84% fueron secuencias no codificantes repetidas y no repetidas. El 45,95% de las integraciones provirales se localizó en los cromosomas de los grupos A y B. Se observaron tendencias de integración hacia exones de genes que se replican tempranamente, regulan el ciclo celular y participan en la transducción de señales. Conclusiones. Los resultados permiten postular que la integración del virus linfotrópico humano tipo I se dirigiría hacia un ambiente genómico caracterizado por elevado contenido de C:G, genes de replicación temprana que regularían el ciclo celular y la transducción de señales.


Introduction. Although the integration of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I into the T-cells is not a random process, the mechanistic details are not understood. Objectives. The characteristics of the flanking host chromatin were evaluated at the integration sites in adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) patients infected with the virus. Materials and methods. From seven leukemic Colombian patients positive for the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), lymphocyte DNA samples were extracted and amplified by inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR). Clonal expansion and human genome nucleotide composition in an extension of 50 bp was determined. To establish the characteristics of the human genome flanking provirus, 61 IPCR sequences from Colombian and Japanese ATLL patients, were analyzed in silico to obtain insights about the genomic structure, functions and nature of associated chromatin. Results. The clonal expansion of cell clones was predominantly oligoclonal. From 61 IPCR sequences, 155 alignments with homology higher than 95% (e-value <0.05) were screened. Seventy-five percent of those sequences corresponded to non coding elements that include repetitive and non-repetitive DNA. Fifty percent of the proviral integrations were associated with chromosomes of A and B groups. Viral DNA integration tended to favor exons of genes that replicated early, controlled the cell cycle, or were involved in signal transduction. Conclusions. The results indicated that HTLV-I integration was preferentially directed towards genomic environments with high C:G content, and toward genes that replicate early, regulate cell cycle or involved with signal transduction.


Assuntos
Biologia Computacional , Genoma Humano , Leucemia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Integração Viral , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano
12.
Salud UNINORTE ; 25(1): 1-16, ene. 2009. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-562517

RESUMO

Objetivo: Analizar las características moleculares y de variación de secuencias de las integrasas del HTLV-I y del VIH-1 y sus variantes poblacionales. Metodología: Análisis de secuencias y estructuras obtenidas de diferentes bases de datos; para ello se utilizaron programas computacionales de modelación de estructuras proteicas e identificación de sustituciones polimórficas en secuencias de aminoácidos de integrasas del HTLV-I y VIH-1 previamente reportadas. Materiales y métodos: Tanto la integrasa del HTLV-I como la del VIH-1 son proteínas compuestas por 288 residuos de aminoácidos. Se encontró un parecido de estructuras terciarias entre los dominios catalíticos de las IN de VIH-1, ASV y RSV con la del HTLV- I. A partir de 103 secuencias completas de la integrasa del VIH-1 se registraron, en 46 codones, un total de 53 sustituciones que se localizaron en diferentes posiciones de la proteína nativa; las más frecuentes fueron: N27G (32,1%), A265V (30,1%), L101I (31,1%) y T123A (27,0%). Ninguna de las sustituciones más frecuentemente encontradas generó un cambio en el plegamiento nativo de la correspondiente región. Conclusión: La estructura tridimensional del dominio central catalítico de la integrasa condicionaría su actividad y su relación con moléculas potencialmente inhibidoras. Las sustituciones observadas fueron neutrales sin alterar la estructura nativa. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que la integrasa es un nuevo y promisorio blanco para el desarrollo de terapias antirretrovirales más efectivas en el siglo XXI...


Objective: To analyze the molecular characteristics and aminoacid sequence variations of HTLV-I and of HIV-1 integrases and their population variants. Materials and methods: Data mining and analysis of integrase sequences and protein structure data bases by using appropriate software for modelling and search for polymorphic substitutions in HTLV-I and HIV-1 integrase amino acid sequences previously reported. Results: HTLV-I and HIV-1 integrases are proteins of 288 amino acid residues. Structural modeling of tertiary folding of HTLV-I integrase catalytic central domain’s, showed closed structural characteristic with those of HIV-1, ASV and RSV. From 103 full amino acid sequences of HIV-1 integrase, 53 substitutions located in 46 different codons were recorded. The more frequents correspond to N27G (32,1%), L101I (31,1%), A265V (30,1%) and T123A (27,0%). None of these frequent substitutions introduced changes in the folding of HIV-1 native integrase. Conclusion: The tridimensional structure of central catalytic domain would influence the integrase activity and its relationship with potentially inhibitory molecules. Those observed aminoacid substitutions were neutral and do not alter the native protein structure. Our data confirm those previously published, and enable us to propose that IN is a new and promissory target for develop more effective antiviral therapies in the XXI century...


Assuntos
Conformação Proteica , Integrases , Modelos Moleculares
13.
Biomedica ; 29(2): 218-31, 2009 Jun.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20128347

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Although the integration of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I into the T-cells is not a random process, the mechanistic details are not understood. OBJECTIVES: The characteristics of the flanking host chromatin were evaluated at the integration sites in adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) patients infected with the virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From seven leukemic Colombian patients positive for the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), lymphocyte DNA samples were extracted and amplified by inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR). Clonal expansion and human genome nucleotide composition in an extension of 50 bp was determined. To establish the characteristics of the human genome flanking provirus, 61 IPCR sequences from Colombian and Japanese ATLL patients, were analyzed in silico to obtain insights about the genomic structure, functions and nature of associated chromatin. RESULTS: The clonal expansion of cell clones was predominantly oligoclonal. From 61 IPCR sequences, 155 alignments with homology higher than 95% (e-value < 0.05) were screened. Seventy-five percent of those sequences corresponded to non coding elements that include repetitive and non-repetitive DNA. Fifty percent of the proviral integrations were associated with chromosomes of A and B groups. Viral DNA integration tended to favor exons of genes that replicated early, controlled the cell cycle, or were involved in signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that HTLV-I integration was preferentially directed towards genomic environments with high C:G content, and toward genes that replicate early, regulate cell cycle or involved with signal transduction.


Assuntos
Genoma Viral , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/fisiologia , Leucemia-Linfoma de Células T do Adulto/virologia , Provírus/genética , Linfócitos T/virologia , Integração Viral/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Composição de Bases , Transformação Celular Viral/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Células Clonais/virologia , Replicação do DNA/genética , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , DNA Viral/genética , Feminino , Genes cdc , Genes pX , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Provírus/isolamento & purificação , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Adulto Jovem
14.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 28(4): 510-522, dic. 2008. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-526126

RESUMO

Introduccion. Trabajos previos han aportado evidencias de que en la paraparesia espastica tropical/mielopatia asociada con el virus linfotropico humano tipo I, existe un componente autoinmune asociado a su patogenesis. Objetivo. Evaluar el estado autoinmune y la existencia de mimetismo molecular en pacientes con paraparesia espastica tropical del pacifico colombiano. Materiales y metodos. A partir de muestras de plasma de 37 pacientes con paraparesia espastica tropical/mielopatia asociada al HTLV-I, 10 con leucemia de celulas T del adulto, 22 individuos portadores asintomáticos y 20 seronegativos para el HTLV-I, se determinaron niveles plasmaticos de anticuerpos antinucleares y anticardiolipina-2 y de interferon e interleucina- 4. Se evaluo, por Western blot, la reactividad cruzada de plasmas contra proteinas obtenidas de varias fuentes celulares normales del sistema nervioso. Ademas, se estudio la reactividad cruzada de plasmas de seropositivos y del anticuerpo monoclonal LT4 anti-taxp40 en secciones de medula espinal de ratas Wistar no infectadas. Resultados. El 70,2 por ciento y el 83,8 por ciento de los pacientes con paraparesia espastica tropical fueron reactivos para anticuerpos ANA y ACL-2, respectivamente, en contraste con los de leucemia de celulas T del adulto y los seropositivos asintom¨¢ticos (P<0,001). Ademas, el 70,3 por ciento y el 43,2 por ciento de los pacientes con paraparesia espastica tropical tuvieron niveles detectables de IFN-¦Ã e IL-4, respectivamente. El anticuerpo LT4 anti tax-p40 y los plasmas de paraparesia espastica tropical/mielopatia asociada al HTLV-I mostraron una reaccion cruzada con una proteina de PMr 33-35 kDa, obtenida del nucleo de neuronas de la medula espinal de ratas Wistar no infectadas. Conclusion. Se obtuvieron evidencias que apoyan la existencia de un sindrome autoinmune mediado por mimetismo molecular como parte de la etiopatogenesis de la degeneracion axonal observada en la paraparesia espastica tropical en pacientes colombianos de la costa pacifica.


Assuntos
Paraparesia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 de Símios , Medula Espinal , Autoanticorpos , Autoimunidade , Mimetismo Molecular
15.
Biomedica ; 28(3): 448-59, 2008 Sep.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19034368

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A) is caused by a deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulphate-sulphatase, a lysosomal enzyme required for the stepwise degradation of keratan-sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate. A deficiency in this enzyme results in an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in several tissues. Currently, no effective therapies exist and only supportive measures are used to treat some manifestations of the disease. An ideal therapy is one that can be administrated early in life, has low mortality, and leads to long-term expression of the enzyme. Gene therapy emerges as a potential alternative to correct the genetic defect in MPS IVA. OBJECTIVE: Adenoassociated virus-derived expression vectors (AAV) were constructed to correct in vitro the enzyme deficiency in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adenoasociated virus-derived vectors containing the human GALNS gene and driven by the citomegalivirus immedited-early promoter were constructed using a free-adenoviral protocol. HEK293 cells and human skin Morquio A fibroblasts were transfected with the recombinat vectors. Enzyme activity was measured in cells 24 and 48 hours post-transfection. RESULTS: Free-adenovirus recombinant AAV vectors were obtained with titres up to 2.08x1010 capsids/mL. HEK293 cells and Morquio A fibroblasts transfected with vectors showed GALNS activity up to 3.05 nmoles/mg/h 48 hours post-transfection. CONCLUSION: The AAV mediated the in vitro expression of GALNS enzyme in the transfected cells. These results are the first step towards a gene therapy alternative to Morquio A disease using adenoassociated virus-derived vectors.


Assuntos
Condroitina Sulfatases/genética , Dependovirus/genética , Terapia Genética , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Mucopolissacaridose IV , Células Cultivadas , Condroitina Sulfatases/metabolismo , Dependovirus/metabolismo , Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Vetores Genéticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Mucopolissacaridose IV/genética , Mucopolissacaridose IV/terapia , Transfecção
16.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 28(3): 448-459, sept. 2008. ilus, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-526131

RESUMO

Introducción. La mucopolisacaridosis IV A (Morquio A) es una enfermedad de depósito lisosómico causada por la deficiencia en la actividad de la enzima N-acetil-galactosamina- 6-sulfato-sulfatasa que produce la acumulación intralisosómica de queratán y condroitín-6-sulfato. Hasta el momento, su manejo es paliativo, por lo que las investigaciones se han enfocado en establecer una terapia que pueda aplicarse tempranamente y garantice la expresión estable de la enzima. En este sentido, la terapia génica se presenta como una de las potenciales alternativas terapéuticas para corregir el defecto genético en la mucopolisacaridosis IV A. Objetivo. Construir vectores de expresión derivados de virus adenoasociados para corregir in vitro la deficiencia enzimática en la mucopolisacaridosis IV A. Materiales y métodos. Se produjeron vectores derivados de virus adenoasociados que portaban el gen humano de la enzima N-acetil-galactosamina-6-sulfato-sulfatasa dirigido por el promotor temprano del citomegalovirus humano, empleando un sistema libre de adenovirus. Se transfectaron células HEK293 y fibroblastos humanos Morquio A con los virus recombinantes, y se determinó la actividad enzimática en el lisado celular a las 24 y 48 horas después de la transfección. Resultados. Se obtuvieron virus adenoasociados recombinantes, libres de adenovirus, con títulos hasta de 2,08 x 1010 cápsides/ml. Tanto en células HEK293 como en fibroblastos Morquio A transfectados, se obtuvieron actividades enzimáticas hasta de 3,05 nmoles/mg por hora, 48 horas después de la transfección. Conclusión. Los virus recombinantes producidos expresaron in vitro la enzima GALNS en las células transfectadas. Estos resultados constituyen el paso inicial para el desarrollo de una terapia génica para la enfermedad de Morquio A empleando vectores derivados de virus adenoasociados.


Assuntos
Dependovirus , Terapia Genética , Mucopolissacaridose IV/genética , Meios de Cultura , Cultura de Vírus
17.
Biomedica ; 28(4): 510-22, 2008 Dec.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19462556

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Previous reports have given evidence that in tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)/human T-lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy (HAM), an autoimmune process occurs as part of its pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: The roles of autoimmunity and the molecular mimicry was evaluated in TSP/HAM patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma samples were characterized from patients in the Pacific coastal region of Colombia. Thirty-seven were identified as TSP/HAM, 10 were diagnosed with adult T-cell leukemia virus, 22 were asymptomatic carriers but seropositive for HTLV-I and 20 were seronegative and served as negative controls. Plasmatic levels of the following were determined: antinuclear antibody (ANA) levels, anticardiolipine-2 (ACL-2), interferon- (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Using Western blot, the crossreactivity of the seropositive and seronegative samples was evaluated against proteins extracted from several central nervous system components of non infected Wistar rats. The HTLV-I seropositive plasmas were crossreacted with a monoclonal tax (LT4 anti-taxp40) from spinal cord neurons of non infected Wistar rats. RESULTS: Of the TSP/HAM patients, 70.2% were reactive against ANA and 83.8% against ACL-2, in contrast with those ATL and asymptomatic seropositives subjects that were not reactive (P<0.001). Moreover, 70.3% had detectable levels of IFN and 43.2% had detectable IL-4. LT4 anti-taxp40 and plasma of TSP/HAM exhibited cross reactivity with a MW 33-35 kDa protein from the rat spinal cord nuclei. CONCLUSION: Support was provided for the existence of an autoimmune syndrome mediated by molecular mimicry; the syndrome was responsible for some of the axonal degeneration observed in TSP/HAM patients.


Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes , Infecções por HTLV-I , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical , Adulto , Animais , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Doenças Autoimunes/sangue , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Doenças Autoimunes/patologia , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Infecções por HTLV-I/sangue , Infecções por HTLV-I/imunologia , Infecções por HTLV-I/patologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/imunologia , Humanos , Mimetismo Molecular , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/sangue , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/imunologia , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Medula Espinal/patologia
18.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 24(1): 20-32, mar. 2004. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-635433

RESUMO

La infección por el virus linfotrópico humano tipo I (HTLV-I) es un problema de salud pública en varias zonas endémicas de Colombia. La subtipificación del HTLV-I se basa en los análisis de polimorfismos en el tamaño de fragmentos de restricción (RFLP) de la región 3’LTR del ADN proviral. A partir de 31 aislamientos de HTLV-I recolectados en diferentes regiones del territorio nacional se realizó un análisis de RFLP en un fragmento de ADN de 737 pb de la región LTR. El 58,1% (18/31) se incluyó dentro del subtipo Cosmopolita a; el 19,4% (6/31) en el Africano b; el 12,9% (4/31) en el Cosmopolita b, y el 9,6% (3/31) en el Africano c. Con base en análisis filogenéticos de secuencias nucleotídicas del 3’LTR, se demostró que los aislamientos colombianos incluidos en este trabajo se ubicaron dentro del subgrupo B o japonés, lo cual muestra gran divergencia con aquellos aislamientos de indígenas colombianos previamente reportados que se incluyeron dentro del subgrupo A o transcontinental. Nuestros datos apoyan la hipótesis de una introducción poscolombina del HTLV-I a Colombia que estaría representada en las comunidades negras de la costa del Pacífico del sur de Colombia que tuvieron ancestros africanos. Algunos aislamientos virales de indígenas colombianos mostraron una variación nucleotídica compatible con una introducción paleolítica. En su conjunto, los resultados obtenidos permiten postular que la actual diversidad genética del HTLV-I en Colombia es compleja y es el resultado de varios eventos de introducción, temporalmente separados.


The human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection is a public health roblem in many endemic areas of Colombia. The subtyping of HTLV-I was based on the analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in 3’LTR proviral DNA. From 31 HTLV-I isolates collected throughout Colombia, a RFLP analysis in a 737 bp 3’LTR fragment was performed. Fifty-eight percent (18/31) were identified as the Cosmopolitan subtype a, 19.4% (6/31) in the West African subtype b, 12.9% (4/31) in the Cosmopolitan subtype b and 9.6% (3/31) in the West African subtype c. The phylogenetic analysis of 3’LTR nucleotide sequences indicated that all the isolates in the current study were in the subgroup B or Japanese, in contrast with the highly divergent isolates from native Amerindians grouped in subgroup a or Transcontinental. The supported hypothesis was that of a post-Columbus introduction of virus represented in the African-American communities of the Colombian South Pacific. Some viral isolates from Colombian native Amerindians exhibited a nucleotide variation compatible with a Paleolithic introduction of the virus. The genetic diversity of HTLV-I in Colombia is complex and probably represents several independent introductions of lymphotropic virus.


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HTLV-I/etnologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Sequência de Bases , Colômbia/epidemiologia , DNA Viral/análise , Evolução Molecular , Infecções por HTLV-I/virologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição
19.
Colomb. med ; 35(1): 22-30, 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-422817

RESUMO

Introducción: Se determinó la seroprevalencia de los virus linfotrópicos humanos tipos I y II (HTLV-I y II) en varios municipios del Departamento de Córdoba. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron 962 muestras de suero mediante la prueba de ELISA y de Western blot confirmatorio. Se analizaron genéticamente 5 aislamientos virales por RFLP y secuenciación de la región LTR. Resultados: Se confirmaron 20 aislamientos como HTLV-I y uno como HTLV-II. La seroprevalencia de la infección por el HTLV-I en la muestra obtenida del departamento de Córdoba fue 2.1/100 (20/962), y para el HTLV-II 0.1/100 (1/962). Mediante análisis genéticos se determinó que tres correspondieron al subtipo africano b y dos el cosmopolita a. Conclusión: Este es el primer registro de la infección tanto por HTLV-I como por HTLV-II informado para el departamento de Córdoba en Colombia


Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Colômbia
20.
Colomb. med ; 34(3): 143-154, 2003.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-422762

RESUMO

En diciembre de 2002 existía en el mundo 42 millones de personas infectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 (VIH-1). Cómo se ha llegado a esta cifra, es una de las preguntas que tiene como base de respuesta la gran adaptación evolutiva del virus. Las poblaciones del VIH-1 replican como distribuciones complejas de genomas diferentes, pero genéticamente relacionadas, denominadas cuasiespecies. Así, las cepas virales que circulan alrededor del mundo presentan gran heterogeneidad de genotipos distribuidos como agrupaciones genéticas naturales con distribuciones geográficas características y dinámicas de infección y dispersión diferentes. El aumento de la capacidad de acción antiviral, facilitado por el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos, ha incrementado la frecuencia de mutantes virales resistentes. Este nuevo panorama evolutivo dificulta la aplicación de una terapia antirretroviral exitosa. Numerosos estudios retrospectivos realizados a lo largo de los años han demostrado la correlación entre la presencia de mutaciones y el fracaso terapéutico de la infección por el virus. En tal sentido ha sido importante desarrollar pruebas de genotipificación y fenotipificación que puedan discriminar las mutaciones asociadas con la resistencia a un determinado antirretroviral. Aunque no son instrumentos completamente seguros, si se convierten en herramientas poderosas para poder diseñar de manera más confiable tratamientos terapéuticos más efectivos y que retarden al máximo la aparición de cepas resistentes. Además, se pueden emplear en la vigilancia fina de la pandemia del SIDA/VIH uno de los problemas más graves de salud pública del mundo actual


Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Viral Múltipla , Infecções por HIV
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